意大利版 ICAR-16 认知能力测验的改编与验证

ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Psychol.

Sec. Quantitative Psychology and Measurement

Abstract

The International Cognitive Ability Resource 16 (ICAR-16) is a public-domain measure of cognitive ability. To date, no Italian validation exists. We translated and validated the ICAR-16 in a sample of 486 Italian adults (66.4 % female), who completed the ICAR-16 and the long version of the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT-Long) online. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a second-order latent variable (SOLV) structure (CFI = .98; TLI = .98). The ICAR-16 showed strong associations with the CRT-Long at both the observed and latent levels, providing partial evidence of convergent validity. Internal consistency reliability was adequate. Measurement invariance analyses supported partial strong second-order factor invariance across sexes, indicating a largely comparable higher-order structure despite sex differences in the intercepts of three first-order cognitive domains. Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis provided evidence of uniform DIF for only one item (MR47), indicating a consistent difference in item responses across sexes at comparable total score levels. Overall, these findings support the Italian ICAR-16 as a reliable, freely available instrument for cognitive assessment in research.

Keywords

cognitive abilities, Cognitive Reflection Test, G factor, ICAR-16, Intelligence, Italy, Validation

Received

14 September 2026

Accepted

30 September 2026

Copyright

© 2026 Tolomeo, Ceraudo, Balducci and Liuzza. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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