团体接力游泳干预孤独症青少年社交缺陷的随机对照实验研究
An experimental study on the intervention effects of group relay swimming training on social interaction deficits in adolescents with autism
一项2(训练模式:团体接力游泳 vs 传统团体游泳)×3(配对策略)因子随机对照试验纳入224名12至17岁孤独症青少年,其中192人分入六个干预组、32人为等待名单对照组,另有64名典型发育青少年仅作为训练伙伴。
研究用2×3随机对照设计检验团体接力游泳对孤独症青少年社交的干预效果,并给出同步性中介与配对策略的边界条件。
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摘要
针对自闭症青少年,同时改善身体功能与社会泛化的干预措施仍然稀缺。本研究开发了水中接力社会耦合窗口(ARSCW)模型,该模型将接力交接的瞬间视为社会剂量的最小可耐受单位,并整合了水生介质的感觉过滤、接力形式强加的强制性时间耦合,以及由竞争目标驱动的情绪中性协作。采用2(训练模式:小组接力 vs. 传统小组游泳)× 3(配对策略:两名自闭症参与者配对、自闭症参与者与典型发育同伴配对,以及混合团队)析因随机对照设计。共224名12至17岁自闭症青少年被随机分配,其中192名进入六个析因单元,每单元32名,另有32名进入析因结构之外的等待名单对照组;64名典型发育青少年仅作为训练伙伴,不提供结果数据。干预和随访各持续12周,T2保留率为88.4%。水下多人姿态估计得出Kuramoto序参量和窗口水平指数WARSCW,即其在15秒耦合窗口上的积分,以秒表示,并在两种训练模式下从结构匹配的窗口计算,结合接力交接社会编码系统(RHSC)、自主耦合以及同伴关系的自我报告评分。训练模式显示出显著主效应,配对策略显示出显著调节效应(p = 0.018);校正后每个接力单元均与等待名单对照组分离,而传统单元无一分离。WARSCW的增加介导了总效应的51.7%。同伴关系呈现相反的顺序,在双自闭症配对中最高,因此客观与主观维度出现分离。社会能力泛化到身体具身情境,d为0.39至0.68,而线上效应有限。本研究为适应性体育课程和团队组织提供了实证证据和操作工具。
1 引言
自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)是一种神经发育状况,其特征为社会沟通困难以及受限或重复的行为,8岁儿童的患病率目前报告为1/36()。在青春期,同伴接纳、身体意象和自我概念同时发生变化,因此孤立、焦虑和抑郁常常同时出现()。运动和社会限制相互纠缠而非平行,这使得一种在改善身体功能的同时自然嵌入社会互动的干预成为紧迫的实际需求。
随机试验的荟萃分析表明,体育锻炼对自闭症核心症状有益(),而水的浮力、静水压力和感觉过滤使水中运动成为一种常见选择:以技术或游戏为中心的项目可改善粗大运动技能和重复行为(),基于Halliwick方法的试验报告了水中技能和平衡能力的提升()。此类研究主要采用一对一的教练方式,针对年龄较小的儿童,并将目标局限于水中安全,因此社交结果仍不一致()。基于陆地的团体运动提供了另一种选择,因为迷你篮球训练在改善社交沟通的同时,还伴随着脑功能和白质完整性的变化(;),而团体游戏则证明了同伴情境的独立价值()。人际运动同步在自闭症中通常受损,从学龄前阶段即可测量(),并且是社交互动困难的基础()。团体接力游泳将节奏性、任务导向和竞争性结合为一种水中同伴协调形式,其效果和机制尚未得到探索。
本研究提出ARSCW模型,该模型将接力交接确定为最小可耐受的社交暴露单元,并整合了三种机制:感觉过滤减轻了眼神接触和面孔识别带来的负担,强制性的时间耦合创造了可控的互动爆发,情感中性的合作动机促进了主动协调。一项2×3析因随机对照设计将接力配对组合提升为独立的设计因素。192名自闭症青少年进入六个单元格,32名在析因结构之外组成等待名单对照组,64名典型发育青少年仅作为训练伙伴。在方法学上,本研究基于水下多摄像机姿态估计开发了多人同步算法,构建了RHSC,并引入了使用防水可穿戴设备的自主神经耦合测量。自我报告的同伴关系与这些客观通道同时记录,从而可以同时在客观和主观维度上追踪团队组成的影响。
2 文献综述
2.1 范式瓶颈:水中运动干预中个别化教学与社交泛化之间的结构性脱节
水中干预的系统综述揭示了在人群、结果和实施方式上的不平衡。大多数项目遵循一对一教练范式,同龄同伴几乎缺席(),并将水中安全置于社交结果之上。整体运动疗法加入节奏和音乐,产生了小到中等的社交沟通效果(),但其益处源于治疗师对儿童的单向指导,缺乏可重复的同伴交流单元。同伴中介干预在教室和操场上有效(),但在水中环境中却缺席,而瑜伽等双人运动干预将单元局限于治疗师-儿童配对()。青少年样本稀缺,因为大多数研究止于学龄前阶段()。
2.2 机制瓶颈:现有理论无法解释接力项目中强制性社交时刻的独特路径
自闭症中人际运动同步(IMS)的缺陷以耦合强度弱和相位对齐差为特征,并与社交能力相关()。大多数实验依赖摆锤摆动和手指敲击等脱离真实运动的实验室任务()。二元联合行动研究表明,同步与同伴社交发起相关,但受任务类型强烈调节(),而结合功能性近红外光谱的同步击鼓显示,创造性动作增强了额下回和颞上沟的社交激活()。尽管综述指出了运动对社交和运动技能的影响(),但尚无模型涉及由竞争性节奏、强制性交接和即时分离所形成的时间结构,而接力游泳将这一结构压缩为周期性的瞬间事件。
2.3 测量瓶颈:水生环境中多人运动同步长期缺乏客观量化
社交结果长期以来通过SRS-2等家长填写量表来测量,其结果受照护者主观性和青少年掩饰行为的影响。计算机视觉已实现针对单个游泳者的水下姿态估计,精度达亚厘米级(),但几乎所有系统都只处理单个游泳者,且当多人在遮挡和水花下共处同一画面时,没有任何系统能估计相对相位。可穿戴传感可通过皮肤电活动和心率变异性捕捉压力和情绪波动(),运动变异性可预测发展轨迹(),而观察同步会以在自闭症中并非完全受损的方式激活动作观察网络()。这些工具从未被整合用于水中多人社交耦合。
2.4 人群与团队组建瓶颈:青少年样本稀缺及缺乏对团队组建策略的系统检验
同伴组合影响社交同步和融洽关系。两名自闭症者配对时的融洽关系自评并不逊于两名典型发育者配对,而跨神经类型互动可能涉及最大的摩擦(),非自闭症观察者在评估此类互动时表现出系统性偏差()。这些发现关注的是互动从内部感受如何,而运动学文献关注的是动作在时间上对齐得有多紧密;两者未必同步变化,因为对齐奖励的是运动技能的互补性,而感受到的融洽奖励的是共享的沟通风格。同伴类型和活动类型共同决定社交运动同步(),而青少年掩饰行为导致量表得分与主观体验出现分歧()。综述报告了样本短缺、方法学质量参差不齐以及缺乏迁移测试(),同时焦虑和抑郁随年龄线性上升()。现有的团体运动干预一律采用随机分组。此外,客观维度和主观维度几乎从未在同一试验中同时测量,因此一种组合可能在一个维度上更优而在另一个维度上更差的可能性始终未经检验。
2.5 研究假设与理论模型
这些局限汇聚为四个问题:团体接力游泳能否作为独立干预发挥作用,通过何种机制,在哪些边界条件下,以及所获得的能力能否迁移。据此提出了四个可检验的假设:
H1:与传统集体游泳相比,集体接力游泳将显著改善自闭症青少年的核心社交互动结果,且 SRS-2 评分与结构化行为观察指标的变化具有一致性。
H2:干预效果将由水下多人运动同步性的改善所中介,IMS 指标将显著中介训练模式与社交结果之间的关系。
H3:接力配对策略将调节干预效果。自闭症参与者与典型发育参与者组成的混合队伍及配对,在客观同步性指标上产生的增益将大于两名自闭症参与者之间的配对;而自我报告的同伴关系则呈现相反的顺序,在两名自闭症参与者之间的配对中最高,因此这两个维度是分离的,而非共同上升。
H4:通过干预获得的社交能力将迁移至非水中情境,迁移程度将由基线同步性与训练期间同步性增益共同预测。
ARSCW 模型见图 1。横轴呈现准备、交接和出发;纵轴列出感觉过滤、强制性时间耦合和竞争驱动协作的输入通道。这些通道汇聚于耦合窗口节点,该节点纳入四个测量通道,包括运动学同步性、行为编码、自主神经耦合和自我报告的同伴关系,并通过实线箭头连接至社交互动、身体表现和心理健康。配对策略是一条虚线调节路径,影响窗口的宽度和深度,分为一支通向客观通道、一支通向关系通道,且符号相反,以表达 H3 中预测的分离。标有 H1 至 H4 的箭头将每个假设映射到其路径。
图 1
3 研究设计与方法
3.1 水中接力社交耦合窗口模型的操作化
第一个机制,感觉过滤,通过水的物理特性发挥作用:浮力减轻姿势控制负担,静水压力提供均匀的本体感觉输入,折射柔化面部细节和眼神接触线索,而许多自闭症青少年对这些线索感到厌恶。同伴协调任务在 1.2 至 1.4 米深的泳道中进行,水温 28 至 30 摄氏度,照明调暗。
第二个机制,强制性时间耦合,由接力形式施加。每次交接展开为三拍循环:准备(约 8 秒)、触壁交接(约 1.5 秒)和出发(约 5 秒),形成一个约 15 秒的耦合窗口,被视为可耐受的最小社交剂量单位,其在 12 周干预期间的累计次数记为 nw,是关键暴露指标。相同结构在传统集体游泳中也有对应物,即一名接近池壁的游泳者与同泳道的一名队友在同一横向间距下占据相同长度的窗口,因此两个分支共享一个分析单元。
第三种机制,即动机切换,将社交需求嵌入到一个竞争性团队目标中,使得与同伴同步成为团队成功的实际条件,而非一种带有社交负担的期望;教练使用“跟上节奏”等表现线索,而非“进行眼神交流”等社交线索。在一个窗口内维持的同步深度与每次训练中提供的窗口数量被记录为两个独立的量,二者共同描述社交剂量,从而使各实验组能够在结构化社交暴露方面进行比较,而非总泳池时间。
3.2 参与者与伦理程序
从三个相邻城市的特殊教育学校、自闭症支持组织和青少年精神科门诊招募了12至17岁的自闭症青少年,招募方式为信息说明会,随后由接受过自闭症友好沟通培训的研究护士进行资格筛选访谈。
纳入标准为年龄12至17岁、经ADOS-2和ADI-R共同确认的DSM-5自闭症谱系障碍诊断、全量表智商70或以上、具备基本水中能力,以及照护者书面同意和青少年本人赞同。排除标准为过去6个月内接受过结构化游泳训练、未控制的癫痫、中度至重度心血管疾病、严重的触觉或听觉超敏,以及同时参加另一项结构化社交技能项目。
对于包含典型发育同伴的两个配对条件,从当地中学招募了64名同年龄段青少年,筛查其不存在发育、精神或慢性躯体疾病,并向其简要说明该项目的协作性质。32名同伴被分配到小组接力组,32名被分配到传统组,没有同伴在两组之间流动。在一个组内,每名同伴恰好服务于两个四人团队,一个处于自闭症对典型发育条件,一个处于混合团队条件,且从不在同一条件下重复。因此,同伴身份按设计在团队间被重复使用,并在每个团队位置进行记录,以便对由此产生的依赖性进行显式建模。同伴仅参加训练课程,并被排除在主要分析之外。
该方案获得了协调大学的机构审查委员会以及每所参与学校的伦理委员会的批准。通过每周日程消息、为路途较远的家庭提供交通券,以及在错过课程时当天联系补课名额来支持留存。
3.3 小组接力游泳干预方案
干预持续12周,每周三次90分钟课程(共36次课程)。每次课程遵循固定顺序:10分钟陆上热身和在视觉日程板上进行预览,15分钟个人技术练习,45至50分钟阶段特定的协调或接力内容,10分钟池边总结,以及5至10分钟放松。交接次数,也就是耦合窗口的数量,在四个阶段中逐步增加,从零增加到累计约387个窗口。
四个阶段依次推进:第1至3周为水中适应,采用个体技术并排进行、无交接;第4至6周为双人协调,在节拍器引导下同步划水,每次训练约有八个配对协调时刻;第7至9周为小组接力,进行25米折返接力,每次交接后30秒回顾;第10至12周为全队竞赛,进行4×50米比赛模拟,教练仅担任裁判和安全员。各阶段的具体内容、教练脚本和支架撤除详见补充材料1。
如图2所示,每次训练的交接次数从第I阶段的零上升到第IV阶段的约24次,而教练干预密度则呈相反方向下降,这种参与者自主暴露上升与成人支架下降的共同模式,使ARSCW项目区别于传统的水中干预。
图2
表1总结了各阶段的训练内容和剂量参数。传统集体游泳条件作为主动对照,在总泳池时间、教练与参与者比例、泳道分配和技术课程上相匹配,并遵循平行技术练习、个体耐力组和自由游泳间歇的标准课程形式。
表1
| 阶段 | 周 | 核心训练内容 | 每次训练交接次数 | 教练干预密度 | 累积耦合窗口nw |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 水中适应 | 1至3 | 个体技术、并排游泳和熟悉水性 | 0 | 高(示范和口头指令) | 0 |
| II 双人协调 | 4至6 | 节拍器引导的同步划水、镜像打腿和R值反馈 | 8 | 中等(节奏引导) | 约54 |
| III 小组接力 | 7至9 | 三人接力、触壁交接和口头回顾 | 18 | 中低(回顾引导) | 约189 |
| IV 全队竞赛 | 10至12 | 4×50米比赛模拟、队际竞赛和积分制 | 24 | 低(比赛裁判) | 约387 |
小组接力游泳干预的分阶段训练内容和耦合窗口剂量。
所有教练均为持证指导员,具有至少3年教授青少年的经验,并完成了30小时的预备培训,涵盖ARSCW原理、自闭症友好沟通、视觉日程表使用和阶段特定脚本。忠实度通过以下方式评估:每次训练前签署脚本审查清单,独立评估员随机参加20%的训练并以0至10分评定依从性,以及一名设盲评估员审查随机10%的存档视频。
最后一列的值是一名参与者的暴露变量nw的累积计数,以窗口表示,与以秒表示的深度指数WARSCW不同。每次训练的交接次数是各阶段结束时达到的值,并在阶段内逐步上升,因此累积列累积了每个阶段九次训练的训练均值。
3.4 2×3析因随机对照设计
本研究采用2(训练模式:小组接力 vs. 传统小组游泳)× 3(配对策略:两名自闭症参与者配对、自闭症参与者与典型发育参与者配对、混合团队)析因随机对照设计,共设六个干预单元。另设一个等待名单对照组(WLC),在研究结束后接受接力项目,用以估计自然变化,并为有意愿的家庭提供符合伦理的选择。核心设计创新在于将接力配对构成提升为独立因素,并与训练模式正交组合。
每种配对条件由四人团队的构成以及每次交接时两侧搭档的神经类型来界定。在双自闭症条件下,四名成员均为自闭症青少年,因此每次交接都连接两名自闭症参与者。在自闭症与典型发育配对条件下,一个团队包含两名自闭症青少年和两名同伴,按严格交替顺序排列,每名自闭症青少年在全部36次课程中与相邻位置的一名固定同伴搭档,因此每次交接都跨越神经类型且搭档不变。在混合团队条件下,一个团队同样包含两名自闭症青少年和两名同伴,但两名自闭症青少年相邻,顺序每周轮换,因此每人既会遇到同神经类型搭档,也会遇到跨神经类型搭档,且没有固定搭档。因此,第二和第三种条件的差异在于搭档稳定性以及交接的神经类型混合方式,而非在场同伴的数量。表2给出了构成、分配和聚类结构:在两个组别中,该设计共包含80个团队和192名自闭症青少年,64名同伴填补了128个团队位置,而WLC组的32人未分配到任何团队。
表2
| 配对条件 | 一个团队的构成 | 交接搭档的神经类型 | 搭档分配 | 每种训练模式组别的团队数 | 每个单元的自闭症参与者数 | 每种训练模式组别的同伴位置数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 两名自闭症参与者 | 4名自闭症参与者 | 每次交接均为同神经类型 | 团队内固定跑步顺序 | 8 | 32 | 0 |
| 自闭症参与者与典型发育参与者 | 2名自闭症参与者与2名同伴,交替顺序 | 每次交接均为跨神经类型 | 36次课程中一名固定同伴搭档 | 16 | 32 | 32 |
| 混合团队 | 2名自闭症参与者与2名同伴,两名自闭症参与者相邻 | 同一团队内既有同神经类型也有跨神经类型 | 顺序每周轮换,无固定搭档 | 16 | 32 | 32 |
| 等待名单对照组 | 无团队分配 | 不适用 | 不适用 | 0 | 32 | 0 |
三种配对条件的团队构成、典型发育同伴分配和聚类结构。
样本量通过针对2×3交互作用的事前功效分析进行估算,该交互作用在计划检验中所需样本量最大。计算使用G*Power 3.1,F检验族,固定效应方差分析中主效应和交互作用的常规程序()。取f = 0.25,对应偏η2为0.059,双侧α为0.05,目标功效为0.80,分子自由度为2,共六个单元格,所需总样本量为158,非中心参数λ = f2N = 9.88,实际达到功效0.802;158除以六个单元格得每单元格26.3,向上取整为27。考虑到15%的预期流失率,目标提高至每单元格32,因此干预组有192名自闭症青少年,加上等待名单对照组(WLC)共224名。64名同伴仅为训练伙伴,不属于随机样本。随机化使用由独立统计师管理的中央网络平台,该统计师未参与招募、实施或评估。固定区组大小为14,即由六个单元格和WLC组形成的七个组各分配两个名额,因此每个完整区组在所有七个组之间保持精确平衡;按年龄组、性别和基线SRS-2三分位进行分层,共产生12个层,每层有独立的置换区组序列,每组招募上限为32,最终分配为每组32。完整的分层和区组实施方案见补充材料S2。
由于实施单位是接力团队而非个人,且每名同伴服务于两个团队,因此预期存在两个层面的依赖性。每个团队位置均记录了团队成员身份和同伴身份,所有因子模型均预先设定为线性混合模型,包含接力团队的随机截距和同伴身份的交叉随机效应,同时保留相同结构的固定效应模型;团队层面组内相关系数和设计效应与固定效应一并报告。
由于干预为身体活动性质,参与者和教练无法设盲。所有结果评估者、数据录入人员和分析人员均对分组分配设盲,任何无意披露均记录为方案偏离。评估者接受了两天的自闭症友好评估培训,且必须与标准评估者达到至少90%的一致性。评估在基线(T0)、干预中期(T1,第6周末)、干预后(T2,第12周末)和随访(T3,12周后)进行,T3增加了非水中环境任务以检验假设4。图3呈现了CONSORT式流程图,其中六个单元格的192名自闭症青少年、WLC组的32名和64名同伴作为三个独立流程出现,每个分配框均包含进入意向性治疗分析的随机样本和该时间点实际观察到的样本。
图3
3.5 结果测量与数据收集程序
由于照护者报告量表受掩饰效应和评估者疲劳的影响,多通道系统结合了照护者报告工具、交接时的直接行为观察、团队同步性的运动学量化、可穿戴生理监测以及同伴关系的自我报告评分。五个通道汇聚于耦合窗口作为共享分析单元,所有数据流均进行时钟对齐。
(1) 主要照护者报告结局:SRS-2
SRS-2 是一份经过验证的 65 项问卷,涵盖五个子领域中的互惠社会行为,作为主要照护者报告结局,由同一名照护者在全部四个时间点完成;其从 T0 到 T2 的变化为效应量解释提供了锚定依据。
(2) 直接行为编码:接力交接社会编码系统(RHSC)
RHSC 为本研究开发,用于捕捉每次交接前后 15 秒窗口内的社会微观行为,将 12 个次级编码归入视觉注意、身体姿势、非言语反馈和言语交流之下。每个窗口被划分为一秒间隔,两名独立编码员对每个编码做出有或无的二元判断。对于传统条件,使用同一系统对每位游泳者在池端转身前后结构上可比的 15 秒片段进行编码,因此条件间比较使用匹配的观察窗口。相同的匹配窗口也用于下文的运动学和生理学通道,因此定义在耦合窗口上的每个指标在两个组中都具有观测值。
编码员信度采用 Cohen's κ 评估;只有 κ ≥ 0.80 的编码进入正式分析,低于阈值的编码由第三名编码员重新裁定。图 4 展示了 RHSC 的层级结构及编码工作流程。
(3) 运动学同步性:水下多人动作捕捉
图 4
运动学同步性通过水下多摄像机系统量化:每侧池壁下方两台防水高速摄像机,加上一台顶部摄像机,提供覆盖水柱和游泳平面的五个视角,以 120 fps 4K 录制,并在每次测试开始时进行校准。经过验证的姿态估计流程重建了每位游泳者的三维轨迹;当游泳者重叠或水花遮挡画面时,通过结合外观特征与时间轨迹连续性来保持身份识别。
根据重建轨迹,计算 Kuramoto 序参量 R(t) 作为团队同步性的主要指标。R(t) 以 0 到 1 的量表概括某一瞬间耦合游泳者之间的瞬时相位对齐程度,定义如下:
在 公式 (1) 中,N 是所分析耦合窗口内的游泳者数量,而非名义团队规模。在交接过程中,只有两名成员在时间上耦合,即到达池壁的游泳者和离开出发台的游泳者,因此每个耦合窗口的 N = 2,这也是用于窗口指标和中介检验的值。团队层面 N = 4 的值仅针对 4 × 50 m 比赛模拟的对齐出发进行定义,并以描述性方式报告。
相位并非从划水周期读取,因为在出发台上等待的游泳者不进行划水。相反,提取了连续的振荡运动学信号:在水中行进的游泳者采用前后方向腕部位移,在出发台上的游泳者采用垂直方向肩部位移,以追踪准备性摆动周期。两者均使用四阶零相位 Butterworth 带通滤波器在 0.3 至 2.5 Hz 之间滤波,瞬时相位取自 Hilbert 变换生成的解析信号,遵循为多人运动同步所建立的程序():
在公式(2)中,xk(t)是游泳者k的滤波后运动学信号,表示Hilbert变换。对出发台上的游泳者进行的相位重建,通过随机抽取10%窗口进行逐帧人工标注验证,得到平均绝对相位误差为0.21 rad,周期检测率为94.6%;所需关键点少于60%的窗口被丢弃,保留了88.9%。
R(t)作为每组成绩结束时向教练和参与者提供的实时过程反馈,并通过其在耦合窗口上的积分,作为检验假设2的中介变量。窗口水平同步指数定义为
在公式(3)中,tj是第j个窗口的起始时刻,Δ是固定的窗口长度15 s,J是进入平均的窗口数量。由于R(t)被限制在0到1之间,WARSCW的单位为秒,被限制在0到15 s之间,且等于15 s乘以窗口内R(t)的均值,因此它表示在一个窗口内所维持的同步深度。累积窗口数nw是一个单独的暴露变量,单位为窗口数,仅进入假设4的剂量反应分析,因此深度和暴露从不合并。积分通过对120 Hz采样点进行梯形求和来评估,并在第10至12周的窗口上取平均。基线值来自应用于T0游泳评估中匹配转身窗口的同一流程,其中每位参与者与随机分配到的队伍一起游泳,且未进行交接。
两种条件都产生一个观测到的WARSCW值。在接力条件下,窗口是交接;在传统条件下,窗口是泳池端的匹配片段,此时接近池壁的游泳者和同一泳道中的队友在相同的横向间距下共享同一个15 s区间,因此公式(1)在相同长度的窗口内应用于相同数量的游泳者。匹配转身窗口内的配对由团队结构而非接近程度定义:它将参与者与同一队伍中占据相邻位置的队友配对,即如果该队伍进行接力时会交换交接的那一对,因此配对策略因素在两种条件下都保持其含义。在第10至12周,传统条件每次训练产生22至26个匹配窗口,而接力交接为24次,且这些相同片段已经作为行为编码的观察单位,在那里返回非零计数。两种条件下的每个值都通过相同的流程从记录的运动学数据计算得出,两种条件仅在打开窗口的触发因素上不同。由于窗口是最接近对齐的时刻,其内R(t)的均值超过训练均值,两者分别报告。图5显示了信号链以及交接窗口与匹配转身窗口之间的对应关系。
(4) 生理耦合:可穿戴监测
图5
采用 Polar H10 胸带测量心率与心率变异性,采用 Empatica EmbracePlus 腕带测量皮肤电活动,以评估自主神经耦合。胸带佩戴于泳衣之下,以 1000 Hz 存储 RR 间期,该配置与心电图的一致性已在静息状态及分级运动中确立(),其在泳池中的信号质量也已与腕戴式替代方案进行过比较()。由于浸没的电极对无法将汗腺电导与周围水的电导区分开,皮肤电分析仅限于手腕位于水面以上的样本,这些样本通过三轴加速度和湿接触标志识别,因此该分析描述的是窗口内的干燥阶段。
RR 序列以 0.25 s 阈值校正异位搏动和漏搏,需要校正超过 5% 搏动的窗口被剔除,心脏通道保留 86.2%。皮肤电信号以 1 Hz 低通滤波,运动伪迹由使用信号特征和三轴加速度的监督检测器标记();伪迹样本超过 10% 的窗口被剔除,保留 79.4%,其中所有窗口中 61.8% 也满足上述水面以上标准。
进入耦合分析的心脏量是以 4 Hz 重采样的瞬时心率序列,而非频谱指标,后者在 15 s 内无定义;在观察到的窗口心率 140 至 170 次/分下,15 s 片段包含 35 至 43 个 RR 间期,与 30 s 静息片段相当,因此在该窗口上计算的相邻差值均方根与同一会话的 5 min 参考值一致,r =0.84,这与运动期间时域变异性可从超短记录中恢复的证据一致()。对于每对队友,耦合强度是同一 15 秒窗口内时间滞后互相关的峰值,滞后在任一方向上最多三秒,即
在公式 4中,xp 和 xq 是两名队友的标准化信号,ρ 是窗口上的 Pearson 相关系数。每次会话前佩戴设备,参与者有五分钟安静站立基线,所有信号在 10 毫秒内时钟对齐。观察到的耦合在 81.7% 的心脏窗口和 68.3% 的皮肤电窗口中超过 1000 个相位随机替代数据的第 95 百分位数,一项包含 24 名参与者、跨越三次会话的重复测量子研究返回 ICC(2,1) 为 0.74 和 0.66。由于皮肤电通道保留的窗口较少、仅描述干燥阶段且重复性较低,心脏耦合被视作主要生理指标,皮肤电耦合为次要和探索性指标。完整的预处理、伪迹剔除和可靠性统计报告于补充材料 3。
(5) T3 时的转移评估
To evaluate transfer, five assessments were added at T3: a peer cooperation task at school recess, naturalistic observation at a family gathering, free-activity observation at a community sports venue, a structured laboratory dyadic task and an online small-group discussion, spanning a gradient from physically embodied group activity to text-based interaction. Each was rated by two masked observers on a common social-engagement rubric and their average served as the outcome.
(6) Subjective peer rapport
Because Hypothesis 3 predicts that objective synchrony and subjective experience respond to team composition in opposite directions, rapport was measured directly rather than inferred from the caregiver report. A five item pictorial scale was adapted from the rapport items used in cross neurotype interaction research (), asking about enjoyment of working with the partner, ease of coordination, comfort at close range in the water, willingness to rejoin the same team and felt understanding. Items use a seven point pictorial scale anchored by schematic faces and the score is their mean, with higher values indicating greater rapport; internal consistency was Cronbach's α = 0.86 and two week test retest reliability ICC = 0.79.
The scale was completed at T0 and T2. So that a baseline rating of the same partner exists for every participant, the T0 administration followed a standardized 20 minute familiarization session in which each participant completed one paired coordination task with the partner assigned by randomization, delivering no handoff and no training content. At T2 participants rated the teammate with whom they had most recently exchanged a handoff, or shared a matched turn window in the traditional condition. Ratings were collected by an assessor who did not observe the session and was not informed of team composition, and missing T2 values were completed within the same imputation model as the primary outcome. Item wording and administration are given in Supplementary material 4.
3.6 Data analysis plan
All analyses were pre-specified before data lock and followed an intention-to-treat principle. The intention to treat sample for the factorial analyses is the 192 adolescents with autism randomized to the six cells; the 32 of the WLC group enter the secondary contrasts only and the 64 peers supply no outcome data. Missing outcome values were completed by multiple imputation with chained equations () under a missing-at-random assumption, with m = 20 imputed sets pooled by Rubin's rules and Barnard and Rubin adjusted degrees of freedom, and complete case analysis was pre-specified as a sensitivity analysis. Baseline equivalence across the seven groups was tested with one-way ANOVA and chi-square tests.
H1 采用 2(训练模式)× 3(配对策略)的 ANCOVA 对 SRS-2 从 T0 到 T2 的变化进行检验,以基线 SRS-2 作为协变量。协方差分析是用于该结局的每一项析因检验的模型;在六个单元格和一个协变量的情况下,意向治疗样本中的残差自由度为 185,完整病例分析中为 163。针对 WLC 组的次要对比在七个随机分组之间以单因素协方差分析进行,使用相同的协变量,在 224 名随机化参与者上具有 216 个残差自由度,并提供进入 Equation (5) 的残差均方。显著的交互作用之后进行 Bonferroni 校正的简单效应分析,总体检验采用偏 eta 方,成对对比采用 Cohen's d,且 WLC 组与每个单元格进行次要对比,其效应量定义为
其中分子是单元格 g 的协变量校正均值与 WLC 组均值之差,分母是模型的残差标准差,即残差均方的平方根,而非残差均方本身。d 的置信区间来自 ,在相同的每单元格 32 人的意向治疗样本上计算,且仅当对比的 Bonferroni 校正 p 低于 0.05 且其区间不包含零时,该对比才显著。
H2 采用 Preacher-Hayes 自助法进行检验,使用 5,000 次重抽样和偏差校正区间,以 WARSCW 作为中介变量,SRS-2 变化作为结局,虚拟编码的训练模式和配对策略作为预测变量。中介变量是第 10 至 12 周各窗口的均值,在 T2 结局之前测量,两个组均提供观测值;基线 WARSCW 和基线 SRS-2 作为协变量进入,并保留接力团队的随机截距。预先指定了限制在接力组的模型(以配对策略替代训练模式)以及完整病例分析作为稳健性检验。
H3 在融洽关系得分上进行检验,采用与 H1 模型相同设定的 2 × 3 ANCOVA,以基线融洽关系作为协变量,随后在三种配对条件之间进行 Bonferroni 校正的成对比较,融洽关系变化与 WARSCW 变化之间的相关性量化了所预测的分离。
H4 通过将 T3 时的复合泛化得分对基线同步性和干预诱导的同步性增益进行回归来评估,并控制训练模式。剂量反应关系是针对累积窗口计数 nw(暴露变量)而非 WARSCW(深度变量)来表达的。在中等程度的非随机缺失信息性下的敏感性分析证实了稳健性。分析使用 R 4.3(mediation;mice;lme4 和 lmerTest,采用 Satterthwaite 自由度),alpha 0.05。每个析因模型还额外拟合为线性混合模型,包含接力团队的随机截距和同伴身份的交叉随机效应,并在固定效应旁报告组内相关系数、设计效应和同伴水平方差分量。
4 实验结果
4.1 基线平衡与干预保真度
共有224名自闭症青少年被随机分组,其中192人分入六个组,每组32人,32人分入WLC组;64名同伴被分配为每臂32人,仅参加训练,并被排除在所有分析之外。干预期间有26名参与者退出(11.6%的流失率),原因包括家庭搬迁(8人)、学业冲突(7人)、父母退出(6人)、轻度不良反应(3人)和失去联系(2人),未发生严重不良事件,且经Fisher精确检验,七个组之间的流失率无显著差异(p = 0.987)。T2时观察到的样本为198人,其中170人属于六个组,T3时为189人。意向治疗样本仍为192人;六个组中缺失的22个T2值和WLC组中缺失的4个值通过多重插补完成,因此每个析因统计量均基于192名参与者报告,残差自由度为185,每个完整病例统计量基于170人报告,自由度为163,而次要对比背后的七组模型基于224人报告,自由度为216。
基线人口学和临床特征见表3。七个组在任何基线变量上均无显著差异,表明分层随机化达到了预期的均衡。
表3
| 组别 | n 随机化 | 年龄(岁) | 男性(%) | 智商 | SRS-2总分 | ADOS-2校准总分 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 接力:两名自闭症参与者 | 32 | 14.5 ± 1.6 | 78.1 | 91.8 ± 11.9 | 77.2 ± 8.4 | 7.6 ± 1.8 |
| 接力:自闭症参与者和典型发育参与者 | 32 | 14.7 ± 1.8 | 75.0 | 93.1 ± 12.4 | 76.1 ± 9.1 | 7.3 ± 1.9 |
| 接力:混合团队 | 32 | 14.4 ± 1.7 | 81.3 | 92.4 ± 11.7 | 76.9 ± 8.8 | 7.5 ± 1.7 |
| 传统:两名自闭症参与者 | 32 | 14.6 ± 1.5 | 78.1 | 92.9 ± 12.1 | 77.5 ± 8.6 | 7.7 ± 1.9 |
| 传统:自闭症参与者和典型发育参与者 | 32 | 14.8 ± 1.6 | 71.9 | 91.6 ± 13.0 | 76.4 ± 9.3 | 7.4 ± 1.8 |
| 传统:混合团队 | 32 | 14.5 ± 1.8 | 75.0 | 93.4 ± 11.8 | 77.0 ± 8.7 | 7.5 ± 1.7 |
| 等待名单对照组 | 32 | 14.7 ± 1.7 | 78.1 | 92.1 ± 12.5 | 77.3 ± 8.9 | 7.6 ± 1.8 |
| F 或 χ2 | - | 0.42 | 0.68 | 0.51 | 0.36 | 0.44 |
| p | - | 0.865 | 0.995 | 0.798 | 0.902 | 0.851 |
各干预组基线人口学和临床特征的比较。
保真度结果见表4。所有六个组均达到了预先设定的出勤率、方案依从性、评估者评分和编码者一致性(以κ衡量)阈值。接力条件下的教练干预密度按设计从第一阶段的每次训练4.8降至第四阶段的1.6,与图2中的设计曲线相符,而传统条件保持在3.5至4.2之间,证实了预期的对比。
表4
| 评估维度 | 接力组条件(三个组合并) | 传统组游泳条件(三个组合并) |
|---|---|---|
| 出勤率(%) | 93.6 ± 4.2 | 91.8 ± 4.9 |
| 方案脚本依从性(%) | 95.1 ± 3.4 | 94.6 ± 3.7 |
| 独立评估者评分(0至10分) | 8.7 ± 0.8 | 8.6 ± 0.9 |
| 编码者Cohen's κ | 0.86 | 0.84 |
| 流失率(%) | 12.5 | 10.4 |
干预保真度评估摘要。
4.2 核心社交互动结局的组间效应及训练模式与配对策略之间的交互作用
主要结局在组间区分明显。如图6所示,七个组在四个时间点上存在差异,接力游泳的下降幅度比传统游泳更陡,而WLC组仅在基线附近小幅波动。在混合团队的接力条件下,62.5%的参与者达到临床显著改善(SRS-2下降≥8分),而传统游泳双自闭症配对条件下为8.3%。
图6
以基线SRS-2为协变量的2×3协方差分析的完整结果见表5。训练模式显示出显著主效应,F(1, 185) = 47.83,p < 0.001,偏η2 = 0.205,接力条件下T2变化为−7.15 ± 5.28,而传统游泳条件下为−2.52 ± 4.23。在六个单元格中,接力条件下的变化分别为−4.6 ± 4.7、−7.6 ± 5.0和−9.0 ± 5.3,传统游泳条件下分别为−2.3±4.1、−2.4±4.2和−2.7±4.4,而WLC组为−0.90±3.86。配对策略显著,F(2, 185) = 5.72,p = 0.004,偏η2 = 0.058,混合团队和自闭症与典型发育配对优于两个自闭症配对,校正p < 0.001和p = 0.015,且交互作用显著,F(2, 185) = 4.13,p = 0.018,偏η2 = 0.043,简单效应显示仅在接力训练下配对策略之间存在差异,传统游泳条件下校正p > 0.10。对170名参与者的完整病例分析重现了这一模式,F(1, 163) = 44.62,p < 0.001,F(2, 163) = 5.28,p = 0.006和F(2, 163) = 3.85,p = 0.024,包含接力团队随机截距和同伴身份交叉随机效应的混合模型也是如此,F(1, 72.6) = 43.17,p < 0.001,F(2, 72.6) = 5.11,p = 0.008和F(2, 72.6) = 3.92,p = 0.024。团队层面组内相关系数为0.058,设计效应为1.17和1.06,同伴身份方差成分占总方差的0.9%,p = 0.41。
表5
| 效应 | df | F | p | 偏η2 | 效应量解释 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 基线SRS-2(协变量) | 1, 185 | 15.36 | <0.001 | 0.077 | 中等 |
| 训练模式(接力 versus 传统) | 1, 185 | 47.83 | <0.001 | 0.205 | 大 |
| 配对策略 | 2, 185 | 5.72 | 0.004 | 0.058 | 小 |
| 训练模式 × 配对策略 | 2, 185 | 4.13 | 0.018 | 0.043 | 小 |
| 组内残差 | 185 | - | - | - | - |
SRS-2总分变化的2×3协方差分析结果。
随后在七组协方差分析中将每个单元格与WLC组进行对比,使用协变量校正均值和该模型在每单元格32例意向治疗样本上的残差标准差。如表6所示,三个接力单元格均显著改善,校正p分别为0.009、低于0.001和低于0.001,且区间不包含零,而传统组在Bonferroni校正后均未达到显著性,校正p分别为1.000、1.000和0.523,且区间跨越零,因此接力形式优于无干预在每个配对策略中均成立。
表6
| 干预单元格 | SRS-2校正平均变化 | d versus WLC | 95% CI | 校正p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 接力:两名自闭症参与者 | −4.57 | 0.83 | [0.32, 1.34] | 0.009 |
| 接力:自闭症与典型发育 | −7.57 | 1.51 | [0.96, 2.07] | <0.001 |
| 接力:混合团队 | −8.99 | 1.85 | [1.27, 2.44] | <0.001 |
| 传统:两名自闭症参与者 | −2.28 | 0.31 | [−0.18, 0.80] | 1.000 |
| 传统:自闭症与典型发育 | −2.47 | 0.36 | [−0.13, 0.85] | 1.000 |
| 传统:混合团队 | −2.72 | 0.41 | [−0.09, 0.91] | 0.523 |
| 等待名单对照 | −0.90 | 参照 | - | - |
各干预单元格与等待名单对照组的校正效应量和Bonferroni校正比较。
校正均值为最小二乘均值,与观察到的单元格均值略有不同。
如图7所示,效应量矩阵与边际均值曲线呈现出明显差异。d值为调整后的单元格均值减去WLC均值再除以组内残差标准差,即 = 4.42,对应残差均方为19.54,因此4.42是以SRS-2分数为单位的标准差,而非均方;置信区间来自意向治疗样本上标准化均值差的大样本方差,未经Bonferroni校正。接力混合组单元格产生的效应最大,d = 1.85,95% CI [1.27, 2.44],最小的是传统双自闭症单元格,d = 0.31,95% CI [−0.18, 0.80],其区间跨越零,其他传统单元格的区间也跨越零,d = 0.36,95% CI [−0.13, 0.85] 和 d = 0.41,95% CI [−0.09, 0.91],表明仅传统游泳的社会效应有限。边际曲线显示,在接力训练下配对策略的斜率显著,而在传统游泳下几乎平坦,支持H3。
图7
4.3 水下运动同步性、生理耦合与行为编码的动态变化
R(t)在12周内的演变如图图8所示,其中图谱的每个单元格是整个会话中R(t)的会话级均值。基线时,三种配对条件的平均R值范围为0.34至0.36。在接力条件下,曲线在第4周首次上升,此时二元协调开始,并在第7周再次上升,此时小组接力开始,到第12周稳定在0.45至0.56之间,而传统游泳则保持在起始水平0.04以内,没有系统性增加。
图8
如表7所示,接力混合组的会话级R增幅达到0.21±0.07,而双自闭症配对为0.11±0.05,p < 0.001。窗口级指标WARSCW在两组中均获得了观测值,因为交接窗口和匹配转身窗口由同一流程提取。在T2时,混合组达到12.34 ± 2.24 s,自闭症与典型发育配对为11.42 ± 2.13 s,双自闭症配对为8.86±1.98 s,而传统单元格合计为6.45 ± 1.97 s,F(3, 76.4) = 34.16,p < 0.001,而基线值无差异,F(3, 76.4)=0.41,p = 0.746,因此按相同顺序,增益分别为7.02 ± 1.72、6.19 ± 1.68、3.51 ± 1.61和1.13 ± 1.07 s。由于该窗口分离出最接近对齐的瞬间,其内R(t)的均值等于WARSCW除以15 s,在接力单元格中达到0.59至0.82,在传统单元格中为0.43,超过会话级均值,因为它们描述的是同一信号的不同时间尺度。混合组的心脏峰值互相关从0.19 ± 0.07升至0.41 ± 0.09,EDA同步性从0.16 ± 0.06升至0.33 ± 0.08,而传统游泳下两项变化均低于0.05。心脏耦合是主要生理指标,EDA耦合为次要和探索性指标。
表7
| 指标 | 接力:两名自闭症参与者 | 接力:自闭症参与者与典型发育参与者 | 接力:混合组 | 传统条件(三个单元格合并) | 组间比较F(p) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 会话级R增幅 | 0.10 ± 0.05 | 0.17 ±0.06 | 0.21 ± 0.07 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 46.72 (<0.001) |
| 基线时WARSCW(s) | 5.35 ± 1.78 | 5.28 ± 1.84 | 5.29 ± 1.82 | 5.32 ± 1.80 | 0.41 (0.746) |
| T2时WARSCW(s) | 8.86 ± 1.98 | 11.42 ± 2.13 | 12.34 ± 2.24 | 6.45 ± 1.97 | 34.16 (<0.001) |
| 心脏峰值互相关 | 0.32 ± 0.08 | 0.38 ± 0.09 | 0.41 ± 0.09 | 0.24 ± 0.07 | 27.53 (<0.001) |
| EDA 同步性 | 0.25 ± 0.08 | 0.30 ±0.08 | 0.33 ± 0.08 | 0.19 ± 0.06 | 22.87 (<0.001) |
| RHSC 相互凝视(事件/窗口) | 2.42 ± 0.87 | 3.58 ± 1.04 | 3.86 ± 1.08 | 1.14 ± 0.63 | 91.34 (<0.001) |
| RHSC 非言语反馈(事件/窗口) | 1.58 ± 0.72 | 2.36 ± 0.91 | 2.61 ± 0.95 | 0.58 ± 0.42 | 69.42 (<0.001) |
T2 时组间水下同步性、生理耦合与 RHSC 编码的比较。
所有组间比较均为 F 检验,来自以接力队为随机截距的线性混合模型,自由度为 3 和 76.4,采用 Satterthwaite 自由度。
图 9 显示了三个接力单元及合并的传统条件下的 12 项 RHSC 剖面。接力条件在全部四个维度上均有扩展,其中非言语反馈最为显著,击拳、拍手和点头从基线时每窗口 0.58 次事件上升至 T2 时的 2.61 次,并在 T3 时保持在 2.35 次,因此该效应并不依赖于训练情境的持续存在。言语交流的扩展较为温和,增幅最大的是鼓励(+1.42),而非任务信息(+0.48)。
图 9
4.4 主观同伴关系及其与客观同步性的分离
同伴关系与客观同步性呈相反方向变化。在 T2 时,两名自闭症参与者配对组的平均得分最高,接力条件下为 5.42 ± 0.88,传统游泳条件下为 5.18 ± 0.92;自闭症与典型发育配对组最低,分别为 4.61 ± 0.96 和 4.49 ± 0.99;混合团队居中,分别为 4.83 ± 0.91 和 4.66 ± 0.94。以基线同伴关系为协变量的 ANCOVA 显示,配对策略的主效应显著,F(2, 185) = 13.10,p < 0.001,偏 η2 = 0.124;训练模式的主效应不显著,F(1, 185) = 2.03,p = 0.156;交互作用不显著,F(2, 185) = 0.08,p = 0.924。经 Bonferroni 校正的比较显示,两名自闭症参与者配对组高于自闭症与典型发育配对组,校正后 p < 0.001,也高于混合团队,校正后 p = 0.001,而后两者之间无差异,校正后 p = 0.570(表 8)。
表 8
| 配对策略 | 接力组条件 | 传统集体游泳条件 | 边际均值 | Bonferroni 校正比较 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 两名自闭症参与者 | 5.42 ± 0.88 | 5.18 ± 0.92 | 5.30 | 高于其他两种条件,校正后 p < 0.001 和 p = 0.001 |
| 自闭症参与者与典型发育参与者 | 4.61 ± 0.96 | 4.49 ± 0.99 | 4.55 | 与混合团队无差异,校正后 p = 0.570 |
| 混合团队 | 4.83 ± 0.91 | 4.66 ± 0.94 | 4.75 | 与跨神经类型配对无差异,校正后 p = 0.570 |
T2 时按训练模式和配对策略划分的主观同伴关系。
因此这两个维度是分离而非趋同的。在 WARSCW 上产生最大增益的策略——混合团队——其评分比两名自闭症参与者配对组低 0.55 个量表分,而在整个干预样本中,同伴关系的变化与 WARSCW 的变化呈弱负相关,r = −0.18,p = 0.012。如 图 10 所示,同伴关系分布与相应的同步性增益在同一轴上呈相反顺序,因此 H3 在两个组成部分上均得到支持。
图 10
4.5 ARSCW 模型的中介路径及对水外情境泛化的验证
H2 的检验使用了 Preacher-Hayes 自助法,样本量为 5000;标准化系数和显著性水平见 图 11。中介变量以第 10 至 12 周各窗口的均值进入,在两组中均采用观测值,并同时纳入基线 WARSCW 和基线 SRS-2 作为协变量,以及接力团队的随机截距。
图 11
如 表 9 所示,路径 a 为 0.73,95% CI [0.57, 0.89],p < 0.001,路径 b 为 −0.34,95% CI [−0.48, −0.20],p < 0.001。间接效应 ab 为 −0.248,95% 自助法 CI [−0.352, −0.150],不包含零,因此 H2 中的 IMS 路径得到支持,中介比例约为 52%;其余部分来自竞争性动机、教练干预和未测量的路径。两项预先设定的检验重现了这一结果:仅在接力组内 ab = −0.176,95% CI [−0.271, −0.088],比例为 43.5%;在完整病例样本中 ab = −0.238,95% CI [−0.339, −0.144],比例为 50.6%,因此该路径并非仅依赖于训练模式之间的对比,并且在去除插补值后仍然成立。
表 9
| 路径 | 标准化系数 | 标准误 | t | 95% CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a(训练模式 → WARSCW) | 0.73 | 0.08 | 9.13 | [0.57, 0.89] | <0.001 |
| b(WARSCW → SRS-2 变化) | −0.34 | 0.07 | −4.86 | [−0.48, −0.20] | <0.001 |
| c(总效应) | −0.48 | 0.09 | −5.33 | [−0.66, −0.30] | <0.001 |
| c' | −0.23 | 0.09 | −2.56 | [−0.41, −0.05] | 0.011 |
| ab(间接效应) | −0.248 | 0.052 | - | [−0.352, −0.150] | - |
| 中介比例 ab/c | 51.7% | - | - | — | - |
| 接力组组内 ab | −0.176 | 0.046 | - | [−0.271, −0.088] | - |
| 接力组组内中介比例 | 43.5% | - | - | - | - |
| 完整病例样本中的 ab | −0.238 | 0.050 | - | [−0.339, −0.144] | - |
| 完整病例样本中的中介比例 | 50.6% | - | - | - | - |
基于 5000 次自助法样本的 ARSCW 中介效应分析。
H4 在 T3 时跨五个情境进行了检验。如 图 12 所示,五个情境中有四个产生的效应量高于 d = 0.30,最大的是社区运动场所,d = 0.68,95% CI [0.37, 0.99],其次是学校课间同伴合作,d = 0.53,最小的是在线小组讨论,d = 0.28,95% CI [−0.02, 0.58],跨过零。剂量-反应曲线在累计 100 至 300 个窗口之间加速,在 300 以上趋于饱和,横轴为暴露计数 nw,而非深度指数 WARSCW。
图 12
如 表 10 所示,效应量和联合预测系数呈现出清晰的层级。基线 IMS,β = 0.27,p = 0.003,以及 WARSCW 的增加,β = 0.47,p < 0.001,独立预测了综合泛化得分,联合 R2 = 0.36,支持 H4,且同步性增益的预测强度始终超过基线水平。
表 10
| 泛化情境 | 效应量 d | 95% CI | 基线 IMS 预测因子 β(p) | WARSCW 增加预测因子 β(p) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 学校课间同伴合作 | 0.53 | [0.23, 0.83] | 0.22 (0.018) | 0.44 (<0.001) |
| 家庭聚会中的自然观察 | 0.39 | [0.09, 0.69] | 0.16 (0.062) | 0.34 (0.001) |
| 社区运动场所 | 0.68 | [0.37, 0.99] | 0.31 (0.001) | 0.53 (<0.001) |
| 结构化实验室双人任务 | 0.47 | [0.17, 0.77] | 0.25 (0.008) | 0.41 (<0.001) |
| Online group discussion | 0.28 | [−0.02, 0.58] | 0.11 (0.209) | 0.28 (0.006) |
| Composite across five contexts | 0.51 | [0.24, 0.78] | 0.27 (0.003) | 0.47 (<0.001) |
Effect sizes and joint predictive coefficients for generalization to nonaquatic contexts.
Effect sizes were smaller in family gatherings and online discussions, the former reflecting the low signal to noise ratio of that context and the latter indicating that the absence of physical presence makes transfer of the core competence difficult. Taken together, H1 received support, H2 for approximately half of the total effect, H3 on both of the directions it specifies, and H4 within a boundary, since transfer was established in the four physically embodied contexts but not online, and the advantage over no intervention was confined to the three relay cells.
5 Discussion
5.1 Structural reshaping of social exposure by the relay format
The central finding was that group relay swimming improved social interaction deficits significantly more than traditional group swimming. The between-group difference in SRS-2 change reached 4.63 points and the mixed team condition produced d = 1.85, above the median d = 0.60 of previous meta-analyses of social skills interventions for autism (), giving strong evidence for H1. The contrast against the wait list control group sharpens this: all three relay cells separated from natural change and no traditional cell did, so the advantage cannot be attributed to pool time, coach contact or group membership, all of which the active comparator matched. The most closely related recent aquatic trial points the same way, since an individually delivered aquatic program raised water competency without a reliable social gain (), which places the active ingredient in the structure of peer exposure rather than in immersion itself. The difference therefore reflects the structured reshaping of social exposure rather than exercise volume, the coupling window compressing each handoff into a controllable unit that permits close peer interaction under low sensory load, predictable rhythm and competitive goal orientation.
Mediation further supported H2, ab = −0.248, consistent with fNIRS evidence that creative movement activates the inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal sulcus (). Defining the mediator as the depth of synchrony inside a fixed 15 s window extracted in both arms by one pipeline makes it a continuous property of aquatic peer coordination rather than a feature existing only where a handoff occurs, and the within arm replication, ab=-0.176, shows the pathway remains active when the relay format is held constant. Where the IMS literature treats synchrony as a phenomenological description (), operationalizing it through the Kuramoto order parameter and the WARSCW integral turns that intuition into a reproducible quantitative conclusion.
5.2 Opposite effects of pairing strategy on objective synchrony and subjective rapport
The moderating effect of pairing strategy supported H3 on both directions it specifies. Objective gains were significantly greater in mixed teams and in autism to typical development pairings, with session level increases of 0.21 and 0.17 against 0.11 in two-autism pairings, whereas subjective rapport ran the other way. Reports of higher rapport between same neurotype partners () are therefore not in conflict with the present results: the two literatures describe two dimensions that this design measured within one trial and found to move in opposite directions, and the weak negative correlation between their changes indicates a systematic dissociation rather than a difference between samples. Kinematic coupling depends on complementarity in motor skill, whereas felt rapport depends on shared communicative style.
The dissociation has a direct consequence for team organization. Optimizing only objective synchrony selects mixed teams and accepts the lowest rapport ratings of the three compositions, the condition under which adolescents are least willing to rejoin the same team; optimizing only rapport selects two-autism pairings and forgoes more than half of the attainable synchrony gain. Because the interaction between training mode and pairing strategy was small, partial η2 = 0.043, and rapport showed no interaction with training mode, the two objectives can be sequenced within one curriculum, for example by opening a block with two-autism pairings until the coupling window is reliably tolerated and shifting to mixed teams thereafter. Table 11 summarizes the correspondence between each hypothesis, its evidence and its boundary.
Table 11
| Hypothesis | Principal evidence | Effect size | Boundary condition |
|---|---|---|---|
| H1 Relay training improves social interaction | Main effect of training mode; all three relay cells separate from the WLC group | Partial η2 = 0.205; d from 0.83 to 1.85 | Traditional group swimming alone did not separate from natural change |
| H2 Synchrony mediates the effect | Indirect effect through WARSCW, replicated within the relay arm and in the complete case sample | ab=-0.248, mediated proportion 51.7% | About half of the total effect is carried by unmeasured pathways |
| H3 Pairing strategy moderates the effect | Objective synchrony highest in mixed teams; rapport highest in two-autism pairings | Partial η2 =0.043 for the interaction on SRS-2 and 0.124 for pairing strategy on rapport | The two dimensions move in opposite directions, r = -0.18 |
| H4 Transfer to contexts outside the water | Significant transfer in four of five contexts; dose response rising between 100 and 300 windows | d from 0.39 to 0.68 in physically embodied contexts | Online discussion, d = 0.28, with an interval crossing zero |
Correspondence between hypotheses, principal evidence and boundary conditions.
5.3 The embodied gradient of transfer and the limits of the present evidence
H4 received differentiated support: strongest at community sports venues, d = 0.68, then peer cooperation at school recess, d = 0.53, and weakest in online discussion, d = 0.28, with an interval crossing zero. The gradient between physical similarity of the context and transfer magnitude indicates that the trained competence centers on temporal coordination during physical presence, so the effect declines rapidly once physical coordination is absent. This is both a boundary condition and a starting point for cross-modal transfer research.
Four limitations bound these conclusions. The electrodermal channel retained fewer usable windows and was less repeatable than the cardiac channel, so those findings are exploratory. Each peer served in two teams within one arm, a dependence the crossed random effect absorbed but did not remove, although its variance component was negligible. The wait list control group estimates natural change rather than a placebo response, so the relay advantage is established against no intervention and a matched aquatic comparator. The follow up extends to 12 weeks, enough to show that behavioral gains outlast the training context but not to establish whether the coupling window remains tolerated once the competitive structure is withdrawn.
6 Conclusion
This study proposed and validated the Aquatic Relay Social Coupling Window model in a 2 × 3 factorial randomized controlled trial in which 192 adolescents with autism entered six intervention cells, 32 formed a wait list control group and 64 typically developing adolescents served as training partners. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) Group relay swimming improved social interaction deficits more than traditional group swimming, with a peak adjusted effect size of d = 1.85 in the mixed team condition, and all three relay cells separated significantly from the wait list control group whereas no traditional cell did. (2) The depth of synchrony sustained inside the 15 s coupling window, expressed as WARSCW in seconds, mediated 51.7% of the total effect; the index carries observed values under both training modes and the mediation was reproduced within the relay arm and in the complete case sample. (3) Pairing strategy moderated the effect in opposite directions on the two outcome dimensions, mixed teams and autism to typical development pairings producing the larger objective gains and two-autism pairings the higher subjective rapport. (4) Acquired abilities transferred to physically embodied settings and were jointly predicted by baseline synchrony and training induced gain, whereas transfer to online discussion was not established. The model, the RHSC and the underwater synchrony pipeline form a reusable toolkit for group exercise research in autism. The sample is confined to ages 12 to 17, the follow up to 12 weeks, the electrodermal channel remains exploratory and each peer was reused across two teams; future work should widen the age range and sport modalities, lengthen the follow up and apply dyadic fNIRS to the neural coupling underlying the window.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the College of Physical Education, Jilin University, and by the ethics committees of each participating school. Written informed consent was provided by the participants' legal guardians together with written assent by the adolescents themselves. Consent and assent were obtained on the same terms from the legal guardians of the 64 typically developing adolescents and from those adolescents. The trial was prospectively registered in a public clinical trial registry before the first participant was enrolled. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation in this study was provided by the participants' legal guardians/next of kin.
Author contributions
YD: Writing – review & editing, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Resources, Methodology, Visualization. YS: Validation, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Writing – original draft, Software, Investigation, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declared that financial support was received for this work and/or its publication. This study was supported by a Key R&D Project of the Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology, entitled Effect of Exercise Intervention on Brain Active Areas in Children with Autism and Development of Functional Training Equipment.
Conflict of interest
The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Generative AI statement
The author(s) declared that Generative AI was not used in the creation of this manuscript.
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Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1976678/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords
adolescents with autism, ARSCW model, group relay swimming, interpersonal motor synchrony, peer rapport
Citation
Du Y and Sun Y (2026) An experimental study on the intervention effects of group relay swimming training on social interaction deficits in adolescents with autism. Front. Psychol. 17:1976678. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1976678
Received
24 August 2026
Revised
14 September 2026
Accepted
22 September 2026
Published
13 October 2026
Volume
17 - 2026
Reviewed by
Debajit Karmakar, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, India
Stefan Alecu, Transilvania University of Braşov, Romania
Updates
Copyright
© 2026 Du and Sun.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Yi Sun, ofcw79@163.com
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
来源:Frontiers in Psychology · frontiersin.org
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